Is Suicide Ever the Right Thing to Do free essay sample

Perhaps you even let some know of your companions that you would do it, and they didnt trust you, thinking it were a joke. You may have informed your companions concerning your arrangements, however evidently your folks had no idea regarding why you would decide to end your life, yet this is the situation with most high school suicides. Self destruction is the procedure of intentionally taking ones own life. The manner in which social orders see self destruction fluctuates broadly as indicated by culture and religion. For instance, numerous Western societies, just as standard Judaism, Islam, and Christianity will in general view executing oneself as very negative. One fantasy about self destruction that might be the consequence of this view is thinking about self destruction to consistently be the aftereffect of a dysfunctional behavior. A few social orders likewise treat a self destruction endeavor as though it were a wrongdoing. . Notwithstanding, suicides are once in a while observed as justifiable or even fair in specific conditions, for example, in dissent to mistreatment (for instance, in the deplorability of Julius Caesar Cassius executed himself to make him noteworthy. We will compose a custom article test on Is Suicide Ever the Right Thing to Do? or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ) Nearly 1 million individuals overall end it all every year, with somewhere in the range of 10 million to 20 million self destruction endeavors every year. Self destruction is the third driving reason for death for individuals 10-24 years old. High schooler self destruction measurements for adolescents 15-19 years old demonstrate that from 1950-1990, the recurrence of suicides expanded by 300% and from 1990-2003, that rate diminished by 35%. In any case, from 2000-2006, the pace of self destruction has progressively expanded, both in the 10-24 years and the 25-64 years of age gatherings. While the pace of homicide self destruction stays low at 0. 0001%, the annihilation it makes it a concerning general medical problem. Despite the fact that the reasons why individuals end it all are multifaceted and complex, life conditions that may promptly go before somebody ending it all incorporate the timeframe of at any rate seven days after release from a mental emergency clinic or an abrupt change in how the individual seems to feel (for instance, much more awful or much better). Instances of potential triggers (precipitants) for self destruction are genuine or envisioned misfortunes, similar to the separation of a sentimental relationship, moving, misfortune (particularly if by self destruction) of a companion, loss of opportunity, or loss of different benefits. Guns are by a long shot the most widely recognized strategies by which individuals end their life, representing about 60% of self destruction passings every year. More seasoned individuals are bound to slaughter themselves utilizing a gun contrasted with more youthful individuals. Another self destruction technique utilized by certain people is by undermining cops, once in a while even with an emptied firearm or a phony weapon. That is ordinarily alluded to as self destruction by cop. In spite of the fact that guns are the most widely recognized way individuals complete self destruction, attempting to overdose taking drugs is the most well-known methods by which individuals endeavor to murder themselves. As per my religion (Buddhism) self destruction isn't the real response for the whatever difficult you have. Buddhism perceives the through and through freedom, which can change and fix whatever negative activities done previously. Indeed, even the most exceedingly terrible criminal can change to turn into a devout person. This is a basic instructing of Buddhism. Consequently there is no fatalistic demeanor, or perfect appointment, forever and living. Ending it all is an unwholesome demonstration established in insatiability/contempt and obliviousness not knowing the karmic law is an incredible hindrance. The Lord Buddha said we ourselves are answerable for our own satisfaction and wretchedness. We make our own damnation and paradise. This confirms every individual is answerable for his own activities fortunate or unfortunate which yield karmic results. Now and again when an adolescent enters a condition of profound despondency, they consider self destruction to be an exit plan. They make a last answer for an impermanent issue. All things considered, self destruction isn't the best approach to understand an awful circumstance in your life. Somebody will consistently be there for you. In addition to the fact that you suffer when you end it all; it likewise influences your family, companions, and all the individuals around you. There are numerous reasons individuals end it all, downturn, awful evaluations, pregnancy, not having the option to be with the one you love, the rundown goes on. Particularly with the ongoing occasions in Columbine High School with the self destruction murder slaughter, we see this needs to grind to a halt. We have to cooperate to attempt to keep self destruction from occurring. At the point when a circumstance gets awful, don't consider self destruction to be an exit plan. Endure it, and in the long run things will show signs of improvement.

Rene Descartes and the scientific revolution Research Paper

Rene Descartes and the logical upheaval - Research Paper Example The Bible instructed that the Earth was a unique planet since God has purposely set it at the focal point of the others; an away from of its significance to God. Nonetheless, past the sixteenth Century, a few researchers started testing the current perspective by supplanting the past suppositions with new speculations. This adjustment in the European idea about the normal world is what is regularly alluded to as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution was an establishment stone whereupon Rene Descartes built up the logical technique approach. The discoveries in the logical unrest were advocated by Copernicus who saw that the stars and all the planets rotated around the sun. The considerations were started off by an antiquated Greek thought that the sun was at the focal point of the universe. Copernicus for sure saw this as evident following 25 years of considering planetary developments. Despite the fact that progressive, the hypothesis had a constraint in that it never clarified why the planets acted the manner in which they did. Another issue was that it repudiated antiquated examinations and strict perspectives. Inspired by a paranoid fear of oppression and conceivable criticism, the researcher didn't distribute his discoveries until 1543; the time of his passing. In spite of his demise, Copernicus’ beliefs withstood the trial of death and were a decent establishment for other similar researchers. Brahe, a space expert from Denmark, made cautious and exact records of the planets’ developments over numerous years. The researcher delivered volumes of exact information recorded from his own perceptions. With his demise up and coming, it was left to his devotees to make the scientific deductions from the information. Johannes Kepler, his associate, considered the information and construed that some scientific laws represented the developments known to man. As per Hellyer, (2003) Descartes’ discoveries opposed the conviction that the planets circled in roundabout movements. Interestingly,

here comes a thought

here comes a thought ive been thinking about pi day and decisions lately and the song here comes a thought from steven universe01 i debated with myself for such a long time on whether or not i should post just the audio or the full music video, and decided the video was so gorgeous it didnt matter that it probably makes little sense to most people. came into my head, and i thought the words were really fitting for the emotions we feel towards college admissions decisions. of course, steven universe is a cartoon show and the lyrics relate to a different thing from college admissions. but there are points in the song that evoke the same emotions. something you did that failed to be charming things that you said are suddenly swarming its easy to find negative emotions during this time in your life. i remember decisions day when i applied early action. i could barely concentrate in class because my mind was swarmed with thoughts, thoughts of what my decision could be. even though i told myself i didnt really care what the result would be, i felt sick to my stomach. a colleges admission decision, for almost all of us, is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. its not often that you know the exact time and date that a potentially life-changing decision arrives. and so admissions decisions can be hard to ignore and easy to lose yourself in. oh, youre losing sight, youre losing touch all these little things seem to matter so much that they confuse you in the scheme of things that is your life, your undergraduate college experience will usually be four years. you have so much to do afterwards. regardless of what your decision may be, you have not failed nor succeeded in life. your life is your own, and you alone will dictate how youll grow and change as an individual over the next four years, not the admissions officers. take a moment, remind yourself to take a moment to find yourself take a moment and ask yourself if this is how we fall apart? but its not, but its not, but its not, but its not, but its not its okay, its okay, its okay, its okay, its okay its okay to be nervous, anxious, excited, whatever emotions youll feel right before you view that decision. remind yourself to breathe and ground yourself, even if just for a second. and we, the bloggers, will be here with you, talking with you, and existing in the same virtual space as you when the time comes. and it was just a thought, just a thought, just a thought, just a thought, just a thought its okay, its okay, its okay, its okay, its okay we can watch, we can watch, we can watch, we can watch them go by from here, from here, from here Post Tagged #decisions #Pi Day #steven universe i debated with myself for such a long time on whether or not i should post just the audio or the full music video, and decided the video was so gorgeous it didn't matter that it probably makes little sense to most people. back to text ?

The Online Banking Payment Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4106 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Background of study 1.1.1 Online banking payment : definition Most of the people are so busy in their daily time. People who already married are busying sending their children go to school or try to earn a lot of caution money for future when need to use them urgently. Pinch pennies are so common to these people on their running expenses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Online Banking Payment Finance Essay" essay for you Create order To make this more efficiency, they will do survey about a lot of supermarkets or shops to buy the cheapest and good quality products. Besides, they also try to save more time day-to-day. To save more time, online banking become a new age of banking program. Online banking payment is defined that through internet to transfer funds or money from one account to another account to develop banking activity such as paying loans or bills, shifting funds, inspecting account details and balances. Besides that, users also can pay mortgages and buying futures, warrants, options and others through online banking payments. So that, online banking payments can also be intituled internet banking payment. 1.1.2 Relationship between online browsing and online banking payment In this 21st century, internet has been comprehensive used by many estate of person such as businessman use it to expansion their business to advertise their products and services. In addition, students use it to consort together with their friends either in nation or oversea and mostly already replace from mobile phone. Mostly people use internet to find the information what they want to know and internet will help them to search and settle the problem they face. According to the survey which was done by A.C.Nielsen (2007) stated that more that 627 million of customers in the global have the experience of online purchasing. In addition, online business growing rapidly from year 2007 which is $228 billion to year 2009 which is $288 billion is found from a research by Forrester (2006). Besides, according to a survey done by Narges (2009), US users adopt online purchase increase from 46 percent in year 2004 to 61 percent in year 2010. The researcher ComScore who had found that the advance of usage of online banking over Southeast Asian from 2010 to 2011. Table 1.1.1 Comparing the total visitors online visitation by market from January 2010 until January 2011 Country January 2010 January 2011 Percentage Change Malaysia 2,360,000 2,746,000 16% Hong Kong 1,304,000 1,543,000 18% Vietnam 701,000 949,000 35% Singapore 779,000 889,000 14% Indonesia 435,000 749,000 72% Philippines 377,000 525,000 39% Source: https://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/3/Online_Banking_on_the_Rise_in_Southeast_Asia From the table 1.1, we can know that the online visitation by market is increasing year by year. That also caused the online purchase will grow in rapidly. So that this phenomena can prove that there is a relationship between online browsing and online banking payment. Table 1.1.2 Top 3 Visitors on online banking institution January 2011 Country 1st Online banker 2nd Online banker 3rd Online banker Malaysia Maybank Cimb PbeBank Hong Kong HSBC Bochk Standard Chartered PLC Vietnam Vietcombank Acb Dongabank Singapore DBS United Overseas Bank Group Citigroup Indonesia Bankmandiri BNI.co.id Citigroup Philippines Bpiexpressonline Citigroup HSBC Source: https://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/3/Online_Banking_on_the_Rise_in_Southeast_Asia In sum, online banking payment is an outcome show the feasibility to use online adhibition. There has confused that difficult to conclude that online banking payment is bring more convenience to bankers or users. But this is not the important to chew the cud because according to Singhal and Padhmanabhan (2008) stated that the increase of using online banking payments has proved that online banking has make a lot of flexibility to bankers and customers during the operations. 1.1.3 Crime rate and online banking payment Actually most of the country will face the same problem which is the crime rate in adopting ATM cards is become grisliness. The mobsters will glom the ATM cards from someone and make a copy to steal the passwords. After that, they can withdraw the money anytime until the users just aware. Besides, maybe some of harum-scarum people will lost their ATM cards, this will also give a chance to esurient to crime. Cases of rob bags are mostly happening in Malaysia. Robbers always aim to rob the woman who is walking alone on the way to work or car park or home no matter during daytime or night. Due to not lost their money, some of women will revolt with robber. But they fail and maybe lost their life because they slip down on way and be knocked by other vehicles. Besides, cases of smash cars window become the recently popular happened in Malaysia also. Many businessmen withdraw a lot of cash from bank institution to give employee salary or make payment to debtors and so on. But on th e way of journey to go to their destination, they maybe will have a rest and park their car at roadside. When they come back, the car window is already been smashed and lost that cash and other valuable things. For an example of case that just happened in our country Malaysia on March 2011, there is a case about a woman in Johor Bahru had been durance by few robbers. She mentioned that the robbers actually just want to rob her bags things just like handphone and money, but robbers saw that she has a saving account book which stated that has a lot of money. So they durance her and intimidate her to give them password. Luckily, she is safety and lost totally amount of RM9820. From all these kinds of crime cases, online banking payments is the way to solve and reduce them. Users will more likely to adopt online banking system than traditional banking because of trust and security. 1.1.4 Why did I choose this online banking I choose this title to become my study because online banking is already a necessary work in the future start from now and I conduct this study is to find out what and which types of factors will affect the customers to choose online banking payments. Besides, through these factors I want to know which one is the most important towards to customers to choose either online bank payments or go to actual bank make payments. I also need to find out each factors has at which level to separate them. Here come to the primary question. Why I choose this subject area? It is not only because of this subject area is interesting but also because of this subject area is most important for me as a student who studying banking and finance. If the usage of online banking payments are increasing, that means that factors are also in the successful way and being increasingly. Bankers should try to make more factors to have the perfect match for that bank to maintain customers loyalty and satisfact ion of using online banking payments. The main cooperative strategic of doing a business is to capture customers, we must first capture his or her heart. So that, we must know the need of customers and help them to achieve. Banker should develop the factors and probe them to customers the benefits of online banking payments. 1.1.5 How would I conduct online banking Here I conduct this study by using primary data which is survey method. I distribute those questionnaires to 200 users who have use online banking payments at now or once to help me to complete this study. Inside the questionnaire, all items are evaluated by respondents on a five point likert scale such as strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree. In addition, the result will come out from using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). There are five variables in factors which are trust and security, convenience and flexibility, transaction related benefits, real time information and monthly summary. Each variable has their meaning and has different influence on online banking payments. What method is each variable influence online banking payments? Before study this, I have to know meaning of each variable and separate among them to make this study more easily and clearly. 1.2 Problem Statement Online banking has seen rapid adoption. But why cause online banking is adopted? Is the social environment problem? Recently we can know some news about robbery cases in Malaysia. The robbers always aim the customers who just withdraw cash from banks and will follow them until they get the chance to rob them. The customers not only will lost their cash, they maybe also hurt by robbers. To avoid these types of cases, government encourage customers not withdraw so much cash from bank, and suggest them to use online banking systems or cheques is better. 1.3 Research Question What are the most factor affecting customers to choose online banking payments 1.4 Research Objective 1.4.1 Main Objective The study mainly aimed to determine factors influencing MMU undergraduate students in adopting the online banking payment. 1.4.2 Specific Objective In specific, the study aim : to find out the relationship between all of these independent variables and online banking payments. to determine the difference in using online banking payments based on demographic variables such as gender, age, nationality, ethnicity, and education level whether the respondent is user or non-user. to provide more information to bankers in creating more organized and user-friendly online banking payments features in Malaysia. 1.5 Significance of study 1.5.1 Significance definition Researcher should expressly justify the significance of study to make the study useful and bring benefits to others. In the other words, significance of the study is the segment where the researchers impart others how they could use it and how their study would be available to clear people or segments of the society. In the market, mostly companies have the same purpose which are can make a lot of earning and benefits during operating their business. Other than expand their business, they also need to minimize their cost and maximize their opportunity. 1.5.2 Significance of online banking payment At the beginning, researcher must know that actually not all the users are satisfied to online banking payment. Due to some cases such like there will auto detract funds from their bank account but they did not do so, they will still less and lack of trustfulness in adopting online banking to make any transaction and payment. So that, through this research can find more the reason why users not satisfied and less satisfied to online banking payment. That become a necessary to bank institutions to improve all of these problems. Based on research, management can organize a good strategic and decision. Banks know need to provide what kind of products and services to customers. For an example, bankers know what are the most factor can affect customers in adopting the online banking payments. So they will improve this area of strategic to achieve customers anticipate such as when customer use online to pay any loan or others, they will be rebated 0.5% to encourage them continues usin g this service. They can also can find more independent variable based on research. In sum up, research make the bank institutions are able to choose the most efficient, profitable and productive of decision. 1.6 Scope of study Due to this study is about bank, so that I am targeting on the customers of local banks in Malaysia. In this research, I narrowed down my focus on three banks, which are CIMB, Public bank and Maybank. My specific respondents will be students from Multimedia University Melaka Campus (MMU) of any year level and course because all students can use online banking to make payments. The limitation of this research is the respondents are not outside of the campus means they must be MMU students. In other words, only those undergraduate students are allowed to participate in the research. This is based my study more focus and clear in this stage. Actually I narrowed down to these three banks is because these banks have more famous and complete system on online banking payments. On top of that, universities are great environment for students to commence entrepreneurship. Thus, it is not unusual for some students to start doing their business during their studies in universities. They sel l some products at their website and the customers also use online banking payments to purchase them. This method help sellers and buyers save more time and bring many convenience to them because they not need go to bank to make or check payments. 1.7 Operational Definition 1.7.1 Online Banking Online banking or is called internet banking empower customers to transact financial institution on a very security website operated by their specific banker from their accounts. 1.7.2 Trust and Security In Supriya Singh and Claudia Slegers study in 1997, they stated that trust actually very hardness to explain due to it is spread all over and nebulous. According to Amir Herzberg in 2003, he mentioned that security is one of the motivation to adopt online banking. The security is overturn. 1.7.3 Convenience and Flexibility According to Amir Herzberg in 2003, he mentioned that convenience is another one of the motivation to adopt online banking also because convenience can bring a lot of benefits such as user can paying for services or buying some products in cars, trains or planes. Flexibility is user can use online banking to payment any time and any place. They not need to go to bank to queue for waiting a long time. They also can transfer fund to urgent family or friends at midnight which is bank is already closed. 1.7.4 Transaction related benefits For transaction through online banking, means that what benefits will the users receive by adopting it such as lower or saving transaction cost, faster transfer, easy to use and so on. 1.7.5 Real time information Real time can be defined what time at that second of moment. So that real time information is the online banking system can provide the users can check for interest rates at that time, the balance amount of users accounts, promotions given by financial institutions and others. (Sadique et al, 2009) 1.7.6 Monthly Summary Every transaction processed by customers will have a record in their account. So that customers can check their transactions easily and can be a record or note. It is giving safety to them doing their business. 1.8 Organizational of Research The research project consists of five chapters: Chapter One covers the introduction of the topic which is factors influencing MMU undergraduate students in adopting online banking payment to provide a thorough understanding for readers. Inside chapter one includes the background of study, problem statement, research question, research objective, significance of study, scope of study, operational definition and organizational of research. Chapter Two covers the literature review which includes the defined of factors and online banking payments. Besides, I will provide the online banking payments research in Malaysia and prior research on the dimensions of each independent variable which are trust and security, convenience and flexibility, transaction related benefits, real time information and monthly summary. Chapter Three will be introduced the research methodology. In this part, I will definite a short what is research methodology. And the difference between conceptual d evelopment and hypotheses development will also be appeared in this chapter. What is the data source and questionnaire development I will organize in this chapter. Sampling method and data collection method also important in this chapter. Finally, data analysis techniques for the research are also provided. Chapter Four will explain each the data result or is called data analysis finding and discussion. All these results are used SPSS to find and will show from the questionnaires which I use to survey to research. In this chapter four illuminates respondents profile, mean analysis of the variable, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. Chapter Five is the last chapter which will be narrated the discussion and conclusion for the research. Furthermore, it will cover contribution to research, contribution to practice, limitation of study and suggestion for future research. Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Online banking is a transaction of funds and money from one account to another account without limit at places and time through using internet. Home banking can be defined that via the computer and telephone connecting to any bank institution at home. Phone banking is the use of mobile phone which can connect to banker through internet. In sum, there still have many type of banking system in the global which have their main objective and purpose during adopting them. According to Heinonen (2006), the customers of banks nowadays service themselves by using ATMs, internet or mobile phone. That is technological interfaces that give a chance to consumers manufacture a straight forward services to employees with these type of self-service technologic. So that in his study, he mentioned that the important actions the banks should do is how to increase their service. But he signaled that not means is a needs to increase services. He suggested bank sectors can concentrate on improve the ir service quality which the customers really needs and is more efficient than studying service value. Luckily, the expansion of using online banking payment in recently is a good approvement. For one example is there is a linkage between bank sectors and customers to develop their relationship remotely by managing of online banking payment methods. This bring a lot of expedience to financial institutions to link customers details and can help credit management department when examine a customer has the ability to pay the repayment loan or not. As Herzberg (2003) pointed out not only computer just can use online banking, but also mobile devices is become a new uptrend of using online banking. Nowadays, many businessman owns the mobile devices with high technological such as PDA phones, IPAD to connect internet anywhere and anytime. He compared these devices with computer, these devices is more availability for developing payment and transaction of fund. So that from this, I can conclude that process of online banking payment will done by electronic, is called electronic banking. Electronic banking can be defined the use of the technologic which can connect to internet to get back or process any banking data, details of transaction and others directly from link from any financial institutions website. 2.2 Trust and security Why so many customers adopting online banking payment? One of the factors is trust and security. Online banking payment cause them feel is a safety payment. When they want to start to use this service must apply from bank then get a code. After that they login to their personal account, they change the pin or password to login. This means that when the customer want to make payment or check any detail through online, he/she need to type this password just can successful login. When customer want to transfer fund to other customer account, the online banking system will also double confirm to user. So that, customers are very trust this online banking payment system and is very security. As the point of Singhal and Padhmanabhan (2008), there is a survey mentioned security is the most important factors adopting online banking payment rated by member institutions. To save against fraud and customers privacy, there is a dual demand (Mishra). According to Sarel and Marmorstein (20 06), they found that to increase number of bank customers, bank not only must provide a good service, but security is also play a main role to meet the target numbers. For an example is they said that there is a survey (Gartner, 2004) stated that US online banking has a fail due to lack of security provided by their country bank industries. In this study, they also found that UK also frustrated offered security to their customers and cause a lot of social environment problems in year 2005 such as account hijacking and fraud of online business and other abnormal actions. Besides, another is trust by customers is important to bank to expansion their banks reputation and help the online banking growth. So how must banker to achieve it? Bank should study and survey how to achieve consumer needs and perception management. Based on the research by Singh and Slegers (1997), they mentioned that has a previous study which is lack of space and time can relate trust. Continuing visible of a ctivities is the reason why not need to trust someone anyway and the produce will clarity and trust the online banking system whose tasking were understood and known. According to Aladwani (2001), customers trust and security has the power to attract and improve the future online banking usage and cause the environment become an online ethos and will also the enhance of usage of online technologic products just like the new products Ipad, Web book, Iphone and so on. In his study has also concern about the percentage frauds of online banking has been affected to advance due to the expansion of usage online banking in the online environment is increasing. Trust and security can become a tool to banker which can make customers have more expectation to banker and surely will increase an improve the relationship between them also. 2.3 Convenience and flexibility In addition, convenience and flexibility is another reason which influencing users in adopting online banking payment. The customers through online can transfer payment and check any detail about their account. In some rural places, it may difficult to people to find or go the bank to process their payment. Besides, it will cost them to go far to bank in or withdraw money to presence to bank themselves because it is very waste their time. And maybe the bank at rural place does not has enough employees or services provide to customers. Customers will also distrust about the system between this rural bank and town bank. All of these will affect the number of customers. How to avoid this problem? Bank institution can try to organize more service provide to customers to use online banking system. For now the services have online payments, transfer funds to other customers, checking account details and so on. I suggest that banker also can let customers to bank in fixed deposits by t hemselves and auto print out and update the certificate of fixed deposit. All these type of service not only give convenience to banker, but also the customers have the flexibility. Online banking allow customers to transfer fund between account and credit cards also. On the other words, online banking just like having a flow ATM machine anywhere and also have a new-up-to-date flow bank statement also. According to Herzberg (2003), he pointed out a user of devices can increase and improve convenience. He mentioned that a customer can use a single device to do a lot of actions such as payment, transfer fund, investment, retail payment and nowadays also can be monitor to connect to CCTV at home. According to Singhal and Padhmanabhan (2008), they stated that online banking bring convenience to financial institution. In this study include that customers flexibility and convenience is provided more than the traditional bank services at a lower cost by adopting online banking paymen t (Williamson, 2006). Williamson also has stated that online banking help users easy to use and at a convenience and fastest way to manage their money. Besides, helping customers have better financial management and different type of patterns withdraw of cash and manage of everyday earning and expenses (Beer, 2006). Primary factor of adopting online banking payment that is saving time can be found in Arnett and Liu study. That is why many customers prefer to use online banking payment because the time factor (Beer, 2006). Otherwise, bank can put the spot news or information on their website to let users to know. Users not need direct go the bank to check any promotions and can up-to-date check the interest rates or currency exchange rate through online. So that, this will save the time of users and will less the time of bankers employees (Srivastara, 2006). According to Singhal and Padhmanabhan (2008), they found that the framework perception is the transfer fund is faster. The users just need to login their account and type in the account number which will receive the fund. After the system checking all the details are correct then the transaction is successful. So that, the benefits of online banking is the distract money and information anytime at anywhere just need to use an online device to process it. Furthermore, online business is also become rapidly increase because there is a significant between convenience. Users through online found any information about that products which they may willing to buy. After they done a lot of survey between all the sellers who provide better products or prices, then will contact to them. The seller just need to give consumer the account number and the buyers also just online transfer fund to them. This action not only can increase the business sales, but users also have convenience and flexibility during the buying and selling markets. 2.4 Transaction related benefits

What You Dont Know About Expository Essay Introduction Samples

What You Don't Know About Expository Essay Introduction Samples Whatever you should finish your writing and receive an exceptional grade, you can purchase it right here. Nonetheless, it is advisable to have some idea of what makes a superb expository paper before you embark on the writing process. An introduction is easily the most significant part your bit of writing. Though the outline is a great portion of your work, it isn't everything. Do not enable the fancy words fool you it's very likely that you've already written one without even being aware of it! Look closely at your language as it ought to be eerror-free Imagine your essay is a precious stone and produce all its faces shine using an easily readable and unique language. In this kind of essay, you should describe something without being metaphoric. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. Whispered Expository Essay Introduction Samples Secrets It's possible to discover samples that you've got to cover in much the identical way as you would free samples. Frequently, individuals become excited over adding new info, making a messy paper free of direction, so cut down should you need to. A lot of people forget that if they buy something that's packaged or frozen, they're also purchasing the packaging which lures shoppers into purchasing the item. Most students will be searching for free samples, as they'll be either unwilling or not able to pay for any content they find. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Expository Essay Introduction Samples Informative essay examples may be used for references. It outlines shows you that even if you are not a professional writer, you can still make a good essay. Making an essay isn't an easy job. As you're most likely already aware, it is quite rare to obtain a totally open-ended expository essay assignment. With essay outline, essays will stop writer to get off topic or jumping from 1 argument to a different argument that doesn't relate with what you're discussing. An essay must be clear and unbiased. How to compose an expository essay. The Secret to Expository Essay Introduction Samples The primary purpose is to dig deeper and get to the correct arguments in the topic for an effortless method to write. For instance, you can create a mind map by means of your thesis idea or even the entire thesis sentence in the center. For example, you can speak about the future implications of a specific event. In conclusions, to develop a superior essay they are a few important factor ought to be considered. As a college student, you probably would have been required to compose essays and they might not have become the most fun undertaking. While the specific rubric your teacher uses will change, following is a basic one that might help you see what's expected in your essay. Generally, she will ask you to write an expository essay to prove that you have done your research on a subject. In some instances, she may give you a rubric before you start your essay. More than every other sort of writing, expository writing is a daily requirement of the majority of careers. The duration of the essay however varies based on the topic and a tutor's requirements. The expository essay definition might be complemented with a few features. Take a look at our essay writing help support. If a paragraph is finished, it contains all the sentences required to adequately support the most important idea. The introductory paragraph should also have the thesis statement, a type of mini-outline for the essay. It includes a paraphrase of something said by a famous person in order to get the reader's attention. The Sonny blues story paragraph have yet to be constructed well, some paragraph contains more than 1 idea which ends in various ideas in 1 paragraph. New Step by Step Roadmap for Expository Essay Introduction Samples Expository essays describe a specific topic and supply the reader with relevant info. Being too wordy isn't good. Thus, you should comprehend each and every word in your topic. The Definitive Strategy for Expository Essay Introduction Samples A variety of expository essay examples have the very same capabilities. An expository essay about an animal sometimes takes various unique directions. Your introduction needs to be entertaining yet defined. First, the introduction in the essay isn't in a concise fashion, a great introduction prepares the individual reading the info. If you aren't sure, it is possible to always review expository essay examples for the suitable cue words. Basically, the sections of an essay proved just 3 divisions. There are lots of ways to define this essay type. A comparison essay will concentrate on similarities as a contrast paper will concentrate on the differences. What Everybody Dislikes About Expository Essay Introduction Samples and Why Brainstorm ideas and select the topic that's ready to attract your audience. Searching online isn't prohibited either. When choosing for a topic, make certain there is a terrific number of things that you could speak about with the topic. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you are likely to work on.

A Lessoned Learned the Hard Way Free Essays

Throughout my high school career I was dependent on my parents and friends for a ride to school and it was a little embarrassing. I couldn’t wait to get my first car. I was nineteen a college woman with a steady job, and it was finally time for me to get the car I deserved. We will write a custom essay sample on A Lessoned Learned the Hard Way or any similar topic only for you Order Now After a couple of very generous paychecks and a lot of penny pinching, I was ready to hit the lots and get some test driving under my belt. After a few agonizing days of financing, credit approvals and signing dotted lines, I was the happy owner of a new shiny, blue Nissan Altima coupe. Although my car was supposed to be used for work and school, other plans came first. I immediately had fun in mind! Driving was my new favorite thing to do even when there was nowhere to go, there was somewhere to go. Needed a ride? I was there. Wanted to go out? I’d be there in a heartbeat. It was Starbucks every night during the week with my girlfriends, and the endless club nights during the weekend. When I was behind the wheel I felt like â€Å"speed racer†. The windows defiantly had to be down with the sunroof open because I just loved the wind hitting my face and blowing my hair back. Everyone new I was coming a mile away with nothing but Britney Spears blasting out of my speakers. Although I should have focused on school and work, having a new car to take me where I wanted only made me carefree. Little did I know I was writing my own recipe for disaster? I had started hanging out with acquaintances that liked partying more, and one of my â€Å"party† friends Karla invited me to a bar and grill called Wings N Rings on a Tuesday night. When I arrived a good friend of mine was playing that night in his band, Holly Madison. It was open bar for the band and their friends, including me. A good time was all I had planned for and I saw no harm in having a drink or two, but shortly thereafter it led to a shot or two or three. I had no idea what I was drinking but I drank it. Being that I’m not a big drinker, the alcohol hit me, and it hit me bad. I thought I’d be okay since I went home after work and had a big dinner with my family. As I sat at the bar with my friends I slowly felt a burning sensation in my stomach and my body composure was basically â€Å"loosey gossey†. People started o notice that I was feeling â€Å"tipsy† when I began slurring my words. Oh man, I couldn’t talk right for the life of me! I remember everyone just thinking it was the funniest thing they ever heard, and it probably was. In the middle of cracking up with everyone, the room slowly started to have a domino effect. It was then when I realized that I had way too much to drink. I was 2:00am and the bartender announced â€Å"You don’t have to go home, but you have to get the heck out of here! † I tried convincing myself that I was okay to drive, didn’t say bye to anyone and walked to my car. As soon as I sat in the drivers seat I threw up chunks of chicken and red hot cheetos. I thought I felt better after threw up so I left the Wings N Rings parking lot. I was so sure I’d make it home since it was only one exit way from the bar. I put my car on cruise control after I left so I wouldn’t get pulled over for speeding. While I was on the expressway I started feeling drowsy, my eyelids became heavy and I started â€Å"bobble heading† because I was doing nothing but steering. The next thing I new I was waking up to deployed airbags, blood running down my left shoulder and a burn on my forearm. The smell of gasoline made me picture explosion and I opened the drivers’ door without hesitation. I fell to the ground, looked around and couldn’t believe what I had just done. My new car was completely totaled under the expressway. It wasn’t the time to think it was a time to act. â€Å"What the hell do I do now? † I asked myself. I quickly pushed up with both my arms to get up from the floor when my left arm gave out. My arm was dislocated, but since I was so upset I popped it back in without thinking twice and didn’t feel a thing. I walked to the Stripes gas station on the other side of the expressway and asked if I can use the phone. She handed me the phone and the first person I called was my mom that was just three blocks away. She answered in a groggy voice I told her what had happened and she hung up scared for my life. I had just made the biggest mistake of my young life and stared crying. Instead of staying put I walked back to the scene of the accident and while I was crossing back I saw flashing red and blue lights heading my way. A police car pulled up next to me under the expressway and asked, â€Å"Where are you heading miss? † I gave him a blank stare back and said nothing. He then noticed the mascara running down my face from crying and the blood on my arm and figured I was involved in the car wreck up the road. I noticed my mom’s truck on the other side of the road and ran to her. I had never seen her so upset. She shouted â€Å"Que chingados estabas haciendo mija? † meaning what the hell have you been doing daughter? My answer to her was â€Å"I fell asleep mom! I’m sorry! † as tears came flowing down my cheek. It was at this time that the officer made his way over to me ask me to blow into a gadget I had never seen before, that just so happened to be a breathalyzer. As soon as he told me what it was I pretended to blow as hard as I could, but blew down so it wouldn’t go straight into the breathalyzer. I never in my right mind thought this would work, but the officer was fooled and thought the breathalyzer wasn’t functioning right. Right after that he asked me if I had been drinking and I told him I hadn’t. He read me my rights, handcuffed me and put me in the back seat of the police car. Everything was so surreal. How to cite A Lessoned Learned the Hard Way, Essay examples

Volleyball Essays - Ball Games, Team Sports, Summer Olympic Sports

Volleyball History The sport of volleyball originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports. Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week. In 1895, William G. Morgan an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head. During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps volleyball would be a more descriptive name for the sport. On July 7, 1900 at Springfield College the first game of volleyball was played. In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport. Volleyball can be played indoors and outdoors. It was adopted as an indoor Olympic sport in 1964 at Tokyo. In 1984 the United States men and women won their first Olympic Volleyball medals. In 1996, two-person beach volleyball was approved as an Olympic Sport. Today's NCAA Volleyball is more popular and exciting than ever. Some top collegian programs include Long Beach State, Penn State, BYU, UCLA, Hawaii and Stanford. Some of the best players ever to play the sport include Karch Kiraly, Gabrielle Reese, Sinjin Smith, Misty May and Ryan Millar. Today the game of volleyball requires team strategies and highly refined individual skills. Outdoor volleyball, which is played with two or four people for each side, is becoming more and more popular across the nation Overview A typical volleyball game lasts about 25 minutes. It is a team sport played by two teams consisting of six people on a playing court divided by a net. The object of the game is for each team to send the ball regularly over a net in order to ground it on the opponents' side, and to prevent the opponents from doing the same. The ball is put into play by the right back row player who serves the ball into their opponent's court. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes "out" or a team fails to return it properly. Only the team, which is serving, can score a point. The players are split into back and front row; the players in the front are usually the key hitters and the ones who will get the ball passes/set to. The players in the back row normally concentrate on defense and passing the ball to the setter who is the main person in the offensive attack. A team wins a game by scoring 15 points with a two-point advantage; and the match by winning the best three of five games. In a deciding, fifth game, which is called a rally game, a point is scored no matter which team is serving. A team earns a point when serving and when they side-out. Rules A team is allowed to hit the ball three times (not counting a block contact) to return it to the opponent's court. A player may not catch, lift, scoop, or throw the ball. They also may not hit the ball twice consecutively when attempting a pass or block. In a regular volleyball game, only the serving team may score a point. A player may serve anywhere behind the backline, but between the court's boundary/side lines. A point is scored if the serving team wins the rally. If the serving team does not win the rally then it is a side-out to the other team. When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise. For instance, the player in the right back move to middle back, the player in left back moves to left front. Rotation ensures that players play both the front row and the back

Free Essays on Weather

A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of two hundred and fifty miles per hour or more. Damage paths can be more than one mile wide and fifty miles long. In an average year, eight hundred tornadoes are reported nationwide, resulting in eighty deaths and over one thousand five hundred injuries. In the body of my essay, I will tell you about types of tornadoes, where tornadoes come from, where and when tornadoes occur, the damage they inflict, variations of tornadoes, and how to detect tornadoes. There are many types of tornadoes. The average tornado is usually split up into categories based on the strength of the tornado. Most tornadoes, about sixty nine percent 69%, are considered weak, which means they usually last between one minute and ten minutes, have winds less than one hundred and ten miles per hour, and the percent of deaths that occur during these is less than five percent. Strong tornadoes, about twenty nine percent 29%, may last about twenty minutes, have winds between one hundred and ten and two hundred and five miles per hour, and the percent of deaths that are found are about thirty percent of all tornado deaths. The last category for tornadoes is violent ones. With these comes winds greater than two hundred and five miles per hour, they can last about an hour, and have seventy percent of all deaths from tornadoes. Another type of tornado is known as a waterspout. This is a weak tornado that forms over warm water. They are most common along the Gulf Co ast and southeastern states. In the western United States, they occur with cold late fall or late winter storms, during a time when you least expect it to develop. They occasionally move inland becoming tornadoes that can cause a great deal of damage and many injuries. Most tornadoes evolve from energy. Tornadoes come fr... Free Essays on Weather Free Essays on Weather A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of two hundred and fifty miles per hour or more. Damage paths can be more than one mile wide and fifty miles long. In an average year, eight hundred tornadoes are reported nationwide, resulting in eighty deaths and over one thousand five hundred injuries. In the body of my essay, I will tell you about types of tornadoes, where tornadoes come from, where and when tornadoes occur, the damage they inflict, variations of tornadoes, and how to detect tornadoes. There are many types of tornadoes. The average tornado is usually split up into categories based on the strength of the tornado. Most tornadoes, about sixty nine percent 69%, are considered weak, which means they usually last between one minute and ten minutes, have winds less than one hundred and ten miles per hour, and the percent of deaths that occur during these is less than five percent. Strong tornadoes, about twenty nine percent 29%, may last about twenty minutes, have winds between one hundred and ten and two hundred and five miles per hour, and the percent of deaths that are found are about thirty percent of all tornado deaths. The last category for tornadoes is violent ones. With these comes winds greater than two hundred and five miles per hour, they can last about an hour, and have seventy percent of all deaths from tornadoes. Another type of tornado is known as a waterspout. This is a weak tornado that forms over warm water. They are most common along the Gulf Co ast and southeastern states. In the western United States, they occur with cold late fall or late winter storms, during a time when you least expect it to develop. They occasionally move inland becoming tornadoes that can cause a great deal of damage and many injuries. Most tornadoes evolve from energy. Tornadoes come fr...

How to Use the Skills Section on Your Resume

How to Use the Skills Section on Your Resume Personally, I like a tidy resume. I like my job descriptions to pull their weight, my education to speak for itself, and my cover letter to do most of the heavy lifting when it comes to describing the soft skills and experience that make me the best candidate for the job. But Danny Rubin over at SavvyIntern.com may have convinced me that a separate â€Å"Skills† section is worth its weight in resume real estate! First off, Rubin clarifies, personality traits are not skills. Your work ethic, your diligence, your optimism- these are terrific qualities, but they don’t belong in a list alongside technical expertise with Word, Photoshop, or Content Management Systems. Skills are â€Å"tangible, practical, hands-on, real world stuff† you have to learn how to do.The best part is that skills involving certifications or hours of practice show hiring managers that you’ve got a strong work ethic and time management skills!Consider featuring these types of skills:Proj ect management tools you know how to use (ex: Basecamp)Certifications you’ve completedSocial media channels you understand (but it’s not enough to say â€Å"Proficient at LinkedIn† - you need to go deeper like â€Å"Proficient at LinkedIn advertising† and provide info on a niche topic within the platform)Data analysis, fundraising, marketing, sales, or IT tools/softwareLanguages you speakYou can mention â€Å"soft† skills if they’re specific to the position; like if the job requires you to work from home, then you can write â€Å"Experience with virtual teams† or â€Å"Experience working independently† (if you had written â€Å"Focused and motivated†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦that’s vague and won’t help you)DO NOT include  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Microsoft Office† - everyone knows how to use those programs by now*(I actually disagree with this last one- there are plenty of people lost in GoogleDocs or Pages who still don’t kno w how to make the most out of Excel, but use your best judgment.)Remember to make your cover letter show what you can do, rather than just describing what you’ve done. Have compelling anecdotes and success stories ready to deploy in your letter or your interview, so they know you’re not just a list of skills, but a reservoir of professional experience they want on their side.Here’s What Your Resume â€Å"Skills† Section Should Tell an EmployerRead More at The Savvy Intern

The positive and negative impacts of an IT application within an Essay

The positive and negative impacts of an IT application within an organisation - Essay Example BT Industries is a manufacturer of trendy home appliances such as coffee makers, small microwaves, toasters, and an automatic defroster for frozen food. Market share was expected to increase from 4% to 12% in a highly competitive market. Projections were a direct result of the proven ability of designers to successfully anticipate trends for the BT market segment as well as the ability of the manufacturing sector to translate those designs into easily manufactured items. Location The Head Office is in Boston, with four assembly plants in Los Angeles, Seattle, Miami and Boston. The company accounting function is centralized in Boston with remote terminals at all manufacturing plants. Systems analysis and programming staff are also based in Boston whilst each of the four plants have only a few applications programmers to ‘trouble shoot’ on site. Market Essence of marketing is aimed at the ‘Yuppie’ market where two-income families have made time more precious than money. For this market, the emphasis is on up-to-date styling and perceived quality for traditional appliances. It is the intention of BT Industries to keep the final design of its products as secret as possible especially from Far East Asian competitors. IT Systems 1.4.1 CAD/CAM system in Boston with communications links directly to assembly plants. The purpose of the system is to accelerate the design process of currently sold appliances from the inception idea to the actual manufactured product.

Conduct of Monetary Policy in Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conduct of Monetary Policy in Kuwait - Essay Example The International Monetary Fund (IMF) noted: "The fastest pace of economic expansion since the 1990 Gulf war, combined with the oil-related terms of trade gains, has boosted per capita income by 34.5% during 2003-04 and helped build up assets for future generations at a record pace." It added: "With oil prices likely to remain firm over the medium-term, Kuwait's medium-term outlook has improved and is likely to remain favourable, supported by large fiscal and current-account surpluses, and low inflation. The Kuwait economy is characterized by sound creditworthiness which in turn reflects sustained macroeconomic stability, good governance, twin surpluses (the government budget and current-account), manageable domestic debt (17% of GDP in 2005), the sophisticated banking sector and huge net (official) external assets. Overall GDP growth has been increasing at a steady rate from 2001 to 2005 due to the stability of the money supply. Through a judicious application of effective open market operations, the central bank was able to mop up excess liquidity in the system resulting in a stable economic growth. The Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK) has imposed a ceiling on the credit to deposit ratio. It was implemented in order to address prudential concerns over rapid expansion of credit to the private sector in recent years without a parallel increase in bank deposits. Kuwaiti banks are, however, heavily capitalised and liquid. The capital adequacy ratio remained comfortable (17.3% as of end-September 2004), well above its minimum regulatory level (12%). In 2004-05, asset quality improved further and net profits and returns on equity/total assets also rose significantly. The Kuwait central bank had reined in liquidity growth in order to attain macroeconomic stability. This policy resulted in a minimal incr ease in M2 supply from 9646.3 million Kuwait dinar (KD) in 2001 to 10401.2 million KD in 2002. This strict monetary policy resulted in a high increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 11584 .5 million KD in 2002 to 14253.5 million KD in 2003. At the same time, inflation remained at respectable levels from 0.89 percent to 0.98 percent during the same period. The GDP climbed steadily from 14253.5 million KD in 2003 to 17466 million KD in 2004. The M2 supply increased only slightly from 10401.2 million KD in 2003 to 11655.2 million KD in 2004. The GDP scored a big leap from 17466 million KD in 2004 to 23588 million KD in 2005. Steady monetary policies kept the M2 supply level from 11655.2 million KD in 2004 to 13088.2 million KD in 2005.On the macroeconomic front, the authorities have pursued prudent monetary/fiscal policies, thus underpinning price stability and the exchange rate peg. Consumer price rises have averaged just 1.4% annually over 2000-05, thanks to a str onger currency and subdued import prices. The Kuwait central bank has maintained very stable exchange rate levels to maintain stable inflation rates. This effective policy has resulted in minimal inflation rates. The Kuwait dinar has been appreciating vis-a-vis the US dollar from 2001 to 2005. The exchange rate was 307.36 dinar to 1 US$ dollar in 2001 compared to 299.7 dinar to 1 US$ in 2002. Inflation rate at 2002 was only .89 percent. The local currency further appreciated from 299.7 dinar to 1

The History Of International Cybersecurity Politics Essay

The History Of International Cybersecurity Politics Essay The United States, England, and Continental Europe have very different approaches to cybersecurity. The United States and United Kingdom conceive of cyber primarily as a national security problem to be handled by the military- which in turn sees the Internet as a fifth domain of war to be dominated. The rest of the European Union, however, sees cyber threats mostly as an irritant for commerce and individual privacy that should be dealt with by civilian authorities working in combination with private enterprise. Additionally, while the United States can have a single policy, even though its one implemented by many different federal departments, the European Union is made up of twenty-seven nations with their own laws, notions, and philosophical differences over how to approach cyber issues. Finally, there is NATO, where a unified transatlantic cyber vision must be reconciled and arranged in a coherent manner among twenty-eight allies through a cumbersome bureaucratic process. To make sense of these conflicting visions, this essay reviews cyber attacks against NATO members, attempts to outline the challenges of developing a transatlantic vision for cyber policy, and highlights some of the fundamental differences among NATO members. It is helpful to remember that although the Internet is so ensconced in most of our lives that it is hard to envision living without it, the first modern Web browser didnt debut until 1993 and broadband access has only become widespread over the last decade. As a result, senior government and military leaders did not grow up with the Internet and are gradually having to adapt to emerging cyber realities. Franklin Kramer, who worked as assistant secretary of defense under President Bill Clinton, draws a comparison with the Great Fire of London, he notes that it nearly destroyed the city in 1666 because an advance in living conditions- wooden houses for many- was not matched by security measures. There were no firefighting technologies, no firefighting processes, and no resources devoted to fire fighting. This was still true more than two centuries later with the Great Chicago Fire. Despite our slow learning curve, in the modern world, while fire may strike, it is not the city-devourin g scourge that it once was. Through government regulations that established building codes and through volunteer and government-run fire departments, a protective-response was established over the centuries.  [1]   Former Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn III uses a more aggressive analogy: The first military aircraft was bought, I think, in 1908, somewhere around there. So were in about 1928, he said. Weve kind of seen some à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ biplanes shoot at each other over France, he added. But we havent really seen kind of what a true cyberconflict is going to look like.  [2]   Currently, European policymakers seem to treat cybersecurity more along fire-prevention lines rather than as biplanes over France. And framing is critical when thinking about cyber issues. As Kramer observes, Ask the wrong question, and you generally will get the wrong answer. And cyber- and what to do about cyber conflict- is an arena where there is generally no agreement on what is the question, certainly no agreement on what are the answers, and evolving so fast that questions are transmuted and affect and change the validity of answers that have been given. He argues that the lack of agreement over the nature of the problem, lack of coherent regulation and authority mechanisms, and conflict between connectivity and security together make cyber a wicked problem not easily susceptible to resolution.  [3]   Lynn manages to frame the issue in military and security terms but fully acknowledges that the reality is quite blurred and that no clear lines exist in this new domain. I mean, clearly if you take down significant portions of our economy we would probably consider that an attack. But an intrusion stealing data, on the other hand, probably isnt an attack. And there are [an] enormous number of steps in between those two.  [4]   Lynn goes on to say, one of the challenges facing Pentagon strategists is deciding at what threshold do you consider something an attackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I think the policy community both inside and outside the government is wrestling with that, and I dont think weve wrestled it to the ground yet. In other words, it is difficult to know whether the house is on fire or biplanes are shooting at each other.  [5]   Correspondingly tricky, defense officials say, is how to pinpoint who is doing the attacking. This raises further complications that are clearly at the heart of the Pentagons mission. At the Council on Foreign Relations Lynn summarized the issue If you dont know who to attribute an attack to, you cant retaliate against that attack, As a result, you cant deter through punishment, you cant deter by retaliating against the attack. He discussed the complexities that make cyberwar so different from, say, nuclear missiles, which of course come with a return address.  [6]   The cyber threat is very much a part of our current reality. Over the last several years several NATO members and partners, including the United States, have been targeted by severe cyber attacks. Estonia What is commonly believed to be the first known case of one state targeting another by cyber-warfare began on April 27, 2007, when a massive denial-of-service attack was launched by Russia against Estonia over a dispute involving a statue. The attack crippled websites of government ministries, political parties, newspapers, banks, and companies.  [7]  The attack was nicknamed Web War One and it caused a resonation within transatlantic national security circles.  [8]   The German newspaper Deutsche Welle wrote that Estonia is particularly vulnerable to cyber attacks because it is one of the most wired countries in the world. Nearly everyone in Estonia conducts banking and other daily activities on line. So when the cyber attack occurred, it nearly shut Estonia down.  [9]  Then-EU Information Society and Media commissioner Viviane Reding called the attacks a wakeup call, commenting that if people do not understand the urgency now, they never will. Her reaction was to incorporate a response into an EU-wide law on identity theft over the Internet.  [10]  Additionally, NATO did establish a Cyber Center of Excellence in Tallinn, which will be discussed later in the essay. Georgia While not a NATO member, Georgia is a NATO partner, and the April 2008 Bucharest Summit declared that it will become a member at some unspecified time in the future, a promise reiterated at the November 2010 Lisbon Summit.  [11]  Weeks before the August 2008 Russian land invasion and air attack, Georgia was subject to an extensive, coordinated cyber attack. American experts estimated that the attacks against Georgias Internet infrastructure began as early as July 20, with coordinated barrages of millions of requests- known as distributed denial of service, or DDOS, attacks- that overloaded and effectively shut down Georgian servers.  [12]  The pressure was intensified during the early days of the war, effectively shutting down critical communications in Georgia. After defacing Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvilis web site and integrating a slideshow portraying Saakashvili as Hitler, coming up with identical images of both Saakashvili and Hitlers public appearances, the site remained under a sustained DDoS attack. Writing as the attacks were under way, security consultant Dancho Danchev believed it smells like a three letter intelligence agencys propaganda arm has managed to somehow supply the creative for the defacement of Georgia Presidents official web site, thereby forgetting a simple rule of engagement in such a conflict- risk forwarding the responsibility of the attack to each and every Russian or Russian supporter that ever attacked Georgian sites using publicly obtainable DDOS attack tools in a coordinated fashion.  [13]  Bill Woodcock, the research director at Packet Clearing House, a California-based nonprofit group that tracks Internet security trends, noted that the attacks represented a landmark: the first use of a cyber a ttack in conjunction with an armed military invasion.  [14]   The nature of cyber attacks is such that, two and a half years later, there is still no definitive answer on who caused the attack. They certainly emanated from Russia, but the precise role of Moscows military and intelligence services remains unclear. Given that the cyber attacks preceded and accompanied conventional military attacks, there appears to be a link to the Russian government. A March 2009 report by Greylogic concluded Russias Foreign Military Intelligence agency (the GRU) and Federal Security Service (the FSB), rather than patriotic hackers, were likely to have played a key role in coordinating and organizing the attacks. They added, The available evidence supports a strong likelihood of GRU/ FSB planning and direction at a high level while relying on Nashi intermediaries and the phenomenon of crowd-sourcing to obfuscate their involvement and implement their strategy.  [15]   United States In a 2010 essay for Foreign Affairs, Lynn revealed that in 2008, the US Department of Defense suffered a significant compromise of its classified military computer networks. It began when an infected flash drive was inserted into a US military laptop at a base in the Middle East. The flash drives malicious computer code, placed there by a foreign intelligence agency, uploaded itself onto a network run by the US Central Command. That code spread undetected on both classified and unclassified systems, establishing what amounted to a digital beachhead, from which data could be transferred to servers under foreign control.  [16]   The upshot is that adversaries have acquired thousands of files from US networks and from the networks of US allies and industry partners, including weapons blueprints, operational plans, and surveillance data.  [17]   Lynn classified this attack as the most significant breach of US military computers ever and stated that it served as an important wake-up call.  [18]  He acknowledged that to that point, we did not think our classified networks could be penetrated.  [19]  The result of this new awareness was Operation Buckshot Yankee, a fourteen-month program that rid US systems of the agent.btz worm and helped lead to a major reorganization of the armed forces information defenses, including the creation of the militarys new Cyber Command.  [20]   United Kingdom In a speech at the 2011 Munich Security Conference, British foreign secretary William Hague revealed that a series of cyber attacks on his country took place the previous year. He noted that in late December a spoofed email purporting to be from the White House was sent to a large number of international recipients who were directed to click on a link that then downloaded a variant of ZEUS. The UK Government was targeted in this attack and a large number of emails bypassed some of our filters.  [21]   Additionally, sometime in 2010 the national security interests of the UK were targeted in a deliberate attack on our defense industry. A malicious file posing as a report on a nuclear Trident missile was sent to a defense contractor by someone masquerading as an employee of another defense contractor. Good protective security meant that the email was detected and blocked, but its purpose was undoubtedly to steal information relating to our most sensitive defense projects.  [22]   Finally, in February 2011, three of my staff were sent an email, apparently from a British colleague outside the FCO, working on their region. The email claimed to be about a forthcoming visit to the region and looked quite innocent. In fact it was from a hostile state intelligence agency and contained computer code embedded in the attached document that would have attacked their machine. Luckily, our systems identified it and stopped it from ever reaching my staff.  [23]  Still, the prevalence and sophistication of these attacks are a principal reason why cybersecurity and cyber-crime were listed as two of the top five priorities in the UKs National Security Strategy.  [24]   Given the interconnectivity of the Internet, Hague argued that more comprehensive international collaboration is vital, noting that, while cyber security is on the agendas of some 30 multilateral organizations, from the UN to the OSCE and the G8, the problem is that much of this debate is fragmented and lacks focus. He continued, We believe there is a need for a more comprehensive, structured dialogue to begin to build consensus among like-minded countries and to lay the basis for agreement on a set of standards on how countries should act in cyberspace.  [25]   US- European Attitudinal Differences We begin to be able to discern a pattern: The United States and the United Kingdom take cyber security very seriously and view it primarily through the lens of national security. The EU and most Western European members of NATO see it primarily as a national infrastructure problem. In the run-up to the November 2010 Lisbon NATO Summit, Pentagon officials were pressing very firmly to incorporate a concept of active cyber defense into the revised NATO Strategic Concept. Lynn argued that the Cold War concepts of shared warning apply in the 21st century to cyber security. Just as our air defenses, our missile defenses have been linked so too do our cyber defenses need to be linked as well. However, this notion was firmly rejected by the Europeans, with the French particularly adamant.  [26]   USCYBERCOM A July 2010 Economist story proclaimed: After land, sea, air and space, warfare has entered the fifth domain: cyberspace.  [27]  It noted that President Obama had declared the digital infrastructure a strategic national asset and had appointed Howard Schmidt, the former head of security at Microsoft, as the first cybersecurity tsar. Peter Coates notes that the air force had actually anticipated this move in December 2005, declaring cyber a fifth domain when it changed its mission statement to To fly and fight in air, space, and cyberspace. In November of the following year, it redesignated the 8th Air Force to become Air Force Cyberspace Command.  [28]   In May 2010 the Defense Department launched a new subunified command, United States Cyber Command, with Gen. Keith Alexander dual-hatted as its chief while continuing on as director of the National Security Agency. CYBERCOM is charged with the responsibility to direct the operations and defense of specified Department of Defense information networks and prepare to, and when directed, conduct full spectrum military cyberspace operations in order to enable actions in all domains, ensure US/ Allied freedom of action in cyberspace and deny the same to our adversaries.  [29]   As the scale of cyberwarfares threat to US national security and the US economy has come into view, the Pentagon has built layered and robust defenses around military networks and inaugurated the new US Cyber Command to integrate cyber-defense operations across the military. The Pentagon is now working with the Department of Homeland Security to protect government networks and critical infrastructure and with the United States closest allies to expand these defenses internationally. An enormous amount of foundational work remains, but the US government has begun putting in place various initiatives to defend the United States in the digital age.  [30]  Even with stepped-up vigilance and resources, Lynn admits, adversaries have acquired thousands of files from US networks and from the networks of US allies and industry partners, including weapons blueprints, operational plans, and surveillance data.  [31]   The cyber policy of the United States is rapidly evolving, with major developments under way even as I write this essay. The White House issued a new International Strategy for Cyberspace in May 2011. While not by any means moving away from a defense-oriented posture- indeed, it generated breathless commentary by declaring the right to meet cyber attacks with a kinetic response- it sought to bring commercial, individual, diplomatic, and other interests into the equation. This was followed by a new Department of Defense cyber strategy in July 2011, which built on Lynns Foreign Affairs essay. European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) While CYBERCOM is the most powerful and well-funded US cyber agency, the lead EU cyber agency is ENISA, the European Network and Information Security Agency. Whereas CYBERCOM is run by a general with an intelligence background, ENISA is run by a physics professor with long experience in the IT sector, including the energy industry, insurance company engineering, aviation, defense, and space industry.  [32]  The agencys mission is to develop a culture of Network and Information Security for the benefit of citizens, consumers, business and public sector organizations in the European Union.  [33]   In December 2010 ENISA released a report identifying what it sees as the top security risks and opportunities of smartphone use and gives security advice for businesses, consumers and governments. The agency considers spyware, poor data cleansing when recycling phones, accidental data leakage, and unauthorized premium-rate phone calls and SMSs as the top risks.  [34]  New regulations are proposed that would see the perpetrators of cyber attacks and the producers of related and malicious software prosecuted, and criminal sanctions increased to a maximum two-year sentence. European countries would also be obliged to respond quickly to requests for help when cyber attacks are perpetrated, and new pan-European criminal offences will be created for the illegal interception of information systems. Home affairs Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrà ¶m added that criminalizing the creation and selling of malicious software and improving European police cooperation would help Europe step up our efforts against cybercrime. ENISAs new mandate will let the agency organize pan-European cybersecurity exercises, public- private network resilience partnerships, and risk assessment and awareness campaigns. ENISAs funding will also be boosted, and its management board will get a stronger supervisory role. ENISAs mandate is also to be extended by five years to 2017. The new directive will also supersede a 2005 council framework decision on cybercrime because that previous regulation did not focus sufficiently on evolving threats- in particular, large-scale simultaneous attacks against information systems, such as Stuxnet, and the increasing criminal use of botnets. Stuxnet was recently used to attack Irans nuclear power infrastructure, and a single botnet, Rustock, is estimated to be responsible for two-fifths of the worlds spam.  [35]   Additionally, EU states are constrained by Directive 95/ 46/ EC, better known as the Data Protection Directive, which provides enormous protection for any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. Compare this to the USA Patriot Act, which gives enormous leeway to US law enforcement and intelligence agencies to access electronic data held by US companies in order to investigate and deter terrorist activities. In June 2011 Gordon Frazer, managing director of Microsoft UK, set off a firestorm when he declared that European customer data stored on cloud computing services by companies with a US presence cannot be guaranteed the protections afforded under the Data Protection Directive, setting off a demand from some EU lawmakers to resolve this issue.  [36]   Germany In late February 2011 Germanys outgoing minister of the interior, Thomas de Maizià ¨re, unveiled the countrys Nationale Cyber-Sicherheitsstrategie (National Cyber Security Strategy).  [37]  To American eyes, the fact that it was the interior ministry, not the defense ministry, issuing the strategy is striking. It was no accident: this is by no means a defense document. The documents introduction notes that in Germany all players of social and economic life use the possibilities provided by cyberspace. As part of an increasingly interconnected world, the state, critical infrastructures, businesses and citizens in Germany depend on the reliable functioning of information and communication technology and the Internet. Among the threats listed: Malfunctioning IT products and components, the break-down of information infrastructures or serious cyber attacks may have a considerable negative impact on the performance of technology, businesses and the administration and hence on Germanys social lifelines. Contrast this with Lynns analogy of biplanes over France, and his pondering at what threshold do you consider something an attack? German security scholar Thomas Rid laments that the strategy is coming a bit late and that Germanys thinking lags that of the United States and the United Kingdom. Beyond that, he notes that the two agencies created to manage cyber issues are woefully understaffed and tasked with myriad responsibilities related tangentially at best to cyber security. And, according to a cyber kodex established in the new strategy, German interests in data security à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ would be pursued in international organizations such as the UN, the OSCE, the European Council, the OECD, and NATO- in that order.  [38]   United Kingdom as Outlier As is frequently the case on matters of international security, the United Kingdom is much more in line with its American cousin than its neighbors on the Continent. In an October 12, 2010, speech at Londons International Institute for Strategic Studies, Iain Lobban, director of GCHQ (the UKs National Security Agency analogue, responsible for signals intelligence) noted that his country combines the intelligence and information assurance missions in a single agency, an arrangement shared by only a few other countries, most notably the US. It gives us a richer view of vulnerabilities and threats than those who consider them purely from the point of view of defense.  [39]   He confessed to constant barrages of spam, worms, theft of intellectual property on a massive scale, some of it not just sensitive to the commercial enterprises in question but of national security concern too, and all manner of other attacks that have caused significant disruption to Government systems. Consequently, his government was looking to significantly increase its investment in the cyber realm even at a time when the global recession was forcing significant austerity in other departments, including in more traditional military assets.  [40]   Thomas Rid notes the sheer breadth of Lobbans focus: Cyber encompasses, for instance, more and more online government services (read: steadily increasing vulnerability); critical national infrastructure, publicly or privately run; online crime in all its facets; espionage (both industrial and governmental), and such things as the proper norms of behavior for responsible states.  [41]   The implications are vast, as Lobban hints and Rid explicates: partnerships of a new kind are needed to deal with cyber threats and risks. International partnerships, with like-minded countries that need to establish and maintain appropriate norms of behavior in crisis situations- and intersectoral partnerships, between government agencies and industry, especially the high-tech sector.  [42]   In his Munich Security Conference speech, Hague noted that we rely on computer networks for the water in our taps, the electricity in our kitchens, the sat navs in our cars, the running of trains, the storing of our medical records, the availability of food in our supermarkets and the flow of money into high street cash machines. Further, Many government services are now delivered via the internet, as is education in many classrooms. In the UK, 70 percent of younger internet users bank online and two thirds of all adults shop on the internet.  [43]   Given the new awareness of vulnerabilities and the degree of dependence, then, the United Kingdoms new National Security Strategy ranks cyber attack and cyber crime in our top five highest priority risks. This is not lip service. At the same time that the British military is suffering such severe cutbacks that the Royal Navy is reduced to sharing a single aircraft carrier with France, the current budget provided  £ 650 million of new funding for a national cyber-security program, which will improve our capabilities in cyber-space and pull together government efforts. As part of that effort, Hague said, We have established a new Ministerial Group on cyber security which I chair. And we have boosted the UKs cyber capabilities with the establishment of a new Defense Cyber Operations Group, incorporating cyber security into the mainstream of our defense planning and operation.  [44]   NATO Responses After months of study and debate the 2010 NATO Summit in Lisbon issued a new strategic concept on November 19, 2010. In it, cyber issues were officially recognized for the first time as a core alliance mission. Recognizing that cyber attacks are becoming more frequent, more organized and more costly in the damage that they inflict, NATO pledged to develop further our ability to prevent, detect, defend against and recover from cyber-attacks, including by using the NATO planning process to enhance and coordinate national cyber-defense capabilities, bringing all NATO bodies under centralized cyber protection, and better integrating NATO cyber awareness, warning and response with member nations.  [45]   This was followed in June 2011 by a revised NATO policy on cyber defense and a parallel cyber defense action plan. Combined, they offer a coordinated approach to cyber defense across the Alliance with a focus on preventing cyber threats and building resilience. Additionally, all NATO structures will be brought under centralized protection.  [46]   What practical actions will flow from these policy statements remains unclear, especially in an era of radically declining budgets. But they give an overview of what it terms NATOs principle cyber defense activities.  [47]   Coordinating and Advising on Cyber Defense The cyber-defense policy was implemented by NATOs political, military, and technical

Identity forming in adolescents Essay

We may understand this age group if we look at its place on the growth sequence of Erik Erikson. Notice how it is right next to the adult stage, the last step before being an adult. This is a time for adolescents to decide about their future line of work and think about starting their own families in a few years. One of the first things they must do is to start making their own decisions. For example, adolescents can begin to decide what to buy with their own money or who will be their friend. To do this they must put a little distance between themselves and their parents. This does not mean that parents cannot continue to look after them’ or help them when needed. Parents should, as much as possible, let them learn from the results of their actions. Adolescents also need to be around other adults, both male and female. These can be relatives, neighbors, or teachers. Of course, they should be positive role models. Teenagers can learn from them about things like how to fix the car, getting along with others, or ideas for future jobs. Finally, adoles ¬cents want to spend time alone. They might be planning the things they can do or will buy when they grow up. Identity forming may be an emotional turbulent phase of life in adolescents, due in part to the physical and mental changes they are experiencing. Adolescence is a stage, which is associated with considerable changes in self. Erik Erikson (1968) recognized adolescence as a major life stage for identity formation, and individual development within a social context. He argued that adolescents must receive community acceptance for their behavior. Erikson also spoke of the role of intergenerational socialization where society must provide for a mutual trustworthiness to assure self-chosen values and interests. Achieving a sense of identity is a fundamental task for adolescents. The clear sense of personal identity constitutes an aspect of optimal psychological functioning (Erikson, 1968). Adolescents face a range of developmental issues. Havighurst (1952) suggested that two important areas included work and relationships. Levinson (1978) focused on changing relationships and on exploration, while Erikson (1968) commented on intimacy and commitment to goals. Super (1963) indicated that exploring and crystallizing vocational choice are important to older adolescents and young adults. What seems evident is that older adolescents and young adults enter transitions with the goal of becoming independently functioning adults, as they strive to meet evolving personal and career related needs. Rapid and escalating changes in labor market and post-secondary educational opportunities mean that adolescents now are confronted with the challenge of meeting their personal and career needs when neither can offer certainty or a sense of personal control. According to Erikson, there are eight stages of human development. Each of the stage focuses on a different conflict that needs to be solved in order to develop successfully into the next stages of life. The idea is that if one stage is not resolved, one might have a difficulty to deal with the succeeding stages and the failure will come back at some point later in life. Puberty marks the beginning of stage five, identity versus role confusion. This stage occurs between ages twelve to eighteen. Erikson defined this stage as the time when adolescents develop a sense of self. They tend to question who they are and what they want to do with their lives. They will associate all of their experiences and differentiate their various roles up until that moment – dependent child, autonomy, initiative and achievement – into a secure individuality. If unresolved past crises have followed them into stage five, they will experience identity as role confusion. In other words, they will have no idea of who they are or what they would like to be. Peter Pan, the fairytale story of the childlike individual who refused to grow up, is a perfect example of this role confusion. These individuals are constantly searching to fill their emotional needs through relationships with others. Just as Peter Pan looked to Wendy for affection and nurturance, these individuals do the same because they lack self-soothing skills. This is what we sometimes call â€Å"low emotional quotients. † They often have very low self-confidence and they fear exploring new things and meeting new people. All of the child’s experiences were carried up to this transitional stage. The attachment and bonding that the infant learned in infancy during stage one provides security that is needed in this stage to be able to relate to the opposite sex. The ability to set boundaries and say no from stage two provides the structure needed to establish sexual boundaries. The sexual exploration experienced by the child during stage three and the reaction of parents will help determine a positive or negative self-perception regarding the body as good or bad. Stage four taught the youngster social and educational skills in grade school which will now determine the attitude towards future academic education and the social path to follow. Any of the previous tasks that were difficult to master will now affect the transition into adolescence. Since this is an awkward time of life, peer approval becomes even more important because it rests on the child’s entire self-esteem when being judged by others. Physical development occurs during this period when males experience voice changes, acne, and baby fat. Girls experience emotional difficulties and are most conscious of their body image. It is during this time that girls will develop eating disorders because they tend to be so critical of their bodies. This period is very similar to stage two when the young child learned how to say â€Å"no†. Rebelling is a large part of the adolescent’s life at this time when feelings of insecurity surface. During stage five â€Å"puppy love† occurs and everyone talks about who is dating whom. If the adolescent has had difficulty with trust and self-esteem issues prior to this stage, he may feel too shy to go steady and may isolate from others. This a time when adolescents have difficulty coping with everyday problems. If earlier tasks were successfully mastered then there will be little difficulty in coping with new problems that will arise. Peer Pressure During adolescence, it is more likely that an individual has trouble in deciding what to do with his life and what to do to â€Å"fit in† and be considered â€Å"cool†. One may act and think as if an adult but is not really considered as one in a real adult’s world. They will try so hard to separate themselves and be considered different from children but will somehow have difficulty proving it to people. Peer pressure comes in when an adolescent tries so hard to do what others do to make him feel like he belongs to a certain group. The feeling of belongingness is very important to an adolescent during this stage as it somehow gives him an identity derived from the group where he belongs. This identity may be â€Å"elite†, â€Å"intelligent†, â€Å"rebel†, â€Å"notorious†, â€Å"cool†, â€Å"popular† and so on. The image an adolescent exudes is as important as if that is what only matters. One may do things upon urging and taunting of his peers. Peer pressure may push one to do irrational things just to be able to be accepted by his colleagues. One episode of Nip Tuck about Matt circumcising himself – when his surgeon father would not do it – is an example of this. Another example is the latest craze among youths in South Korea. Since image and appearance plays a very important part in an adolescent’s life, one may go to extremes such as plastic surgery. Having bigger eyes is every girl’s dream in South Korea. Teenagers as young as 14 are doing it, and eye jobs have become a favorite high school graduation gift from proud parents (Ko 2002). Substance Abuse Puberty is the most critical stage in one’s life. This is the stage where adolescents sometimes withdraw from the family and turn to substance abuse to avoid the pain that accompanies the stress and anxiety that they experience. According to the Adolescent substance abuse knowledge base (1999): The primary factors that seem to affect increased or decreased drug use among teens are perceived risk, perceived social approval, and perceived availability. The more risky or less accepted a drug is thought to be; the less likely it will be used by teens. Perceived availability is often associated with overall social approval, and so, a drug that is readily available is considered socially acceptable and will likely increase in use. While these seem like common sense factors, how these perceptions are created is harder to understand. Parents may not realize just how easy it is for youths to get illicit drugs. They may not realize how young children are when they begin to experiment with alcohol and drugs. Statistics can alert parents to the need to communicate with their children about the dangers of substance abuse and help them develop strategies to cope with peer pressure. In the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), approximately 13 percent of youths aged 12 to 17 reported past month use of cigarettes, and more than 4 percent reported smoking daily during the past month of the same year. This is equivalent to approximately 3 million past month smokers, including almost 1 million daily smokers among youths. Approximately 16 percent of youths had used alcohol within the past month, including 10 percent reporting binge use – had five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Three percent reporting heavy alcohol use – had five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of five or more days in the past 30 days. The proportion translates to almost 4 million past month alcohol users, including almost 2. 5 million binge alcohol users, and 0. 6 million heavy alcohol users among youths. Media Influences There are so many television commercials nowadays showing an underage TV character commenting about drinking beer, using condoms, picking out cigarette brands and so on. Most of the parents change the channel when a character joked about â€Å"smoking a joint† or having a â€Å"one-night stand† when their child is around. Television, music, and advertisements flood children and youth with messages that may go against what that they have heard at home and school. Some messages teach children that alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs are dangerous; other messages make drugs and alcohol look cool and make you â€Å"fit in† in the society. Of the many factors influencing adolescents to begin, or not to begin smoking, drinking, and having sexual intercourse, a prominent and likely one is information conveyed via mass media. Despite restrictions on some mass media advertising for tobacco products or alcoholic beverages, even condom brands, young audiences still encounter substantial media content related to those across virtually all media channels. Society and social scientists alike have long assumed that there are direct effects, perhaps powerful effects, of media messages on individuals. Lay people and researchers make this assumption because it is intuitively reasonable: persuasive media messages surely influence youth. One thing that parents can do is to use messages from the media – TV, music, and ads – to talk with their children about tough issues like alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. Talking during commercials can help promote a positive relationship between parents and their children. In many ways, these moments may be more effective than long, planned discussions – when these young adults are likely to tune out. The media’s influence on everyone, particularly on adolescents, is great. However, when properly guided by the parents, this particularly difficult stage of forming identity among youths may be lessened, as they understand how things are seen in the adult world and in another perspective other than theirs. CONCLUSION Developmentally, the young people were trying to meet personal and emotional needs, while in a state of flux and uncertainty in identity forming. It was apparent that a lack of progress in one area could have a negative influence on the other areas. Parental guidance, understanding and nurturing is of utmost importance on this most critical stage of a person’s life. In general, Erickson’s Theory of Human Development is widely accepted and plays a major role in all human and psychological development studies and theories. The best advice is to use the theory as a framework or map for understanding and identifying what issues or conflicts unresolved lead to current behavior and preparing for the stages to come. References Adolescent Substance Abuse Knowledge Base. (1999). Retrieved on November 29, 2006 from http://www. adolescent-substance-abuse. com/. â€Å"Erikson, Erik. † (2001). Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia. â€Å"Personal Identity. † (2001). Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia. Erikson, Erik H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed. ) New York: Norton. Erikson, Erik. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. Havighurst, R. J. (1952). Developmental tasks and education. New York: David McKay. Health and Human Services. (2001). HHS Report Shows Drug Use Rates Stable, Youth Tobacco Use Declines. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on December 1, 2006 from http://www. hhs. gov/news/press/2001pres/20011004a. html. Ko, Chisu (2002). Peer Pressure Plastics. TIME Asia magazine. Retrieved on November 29, 2006 from http://www. time. com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501020805-332098,00. html Levinson, D. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine. Meyer, William J. (2001). â€Å"Developmental Psychology. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia Super, D. E. (1963). Career development: Essays in vocational development. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.